William Faulkner’s Barn Burning Abner Snopes Character...

William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"Barn Burning† describes a typical relationship between wealthy people and poor people during the Civil War. The main character, Abner Snopes, sharecrops to make a living for his family. He despises wealthy people. Out of resentment for wealthy people, he burns their barns to get revenge. Abner’s character over the course of the story is unchanging in that he is cold hearted, lawless, and violent. First, Abner’s unchanging character shows his cold heartedness. After being sentenced to leave the country for burning a man’s barn, he shows no emotions to his family. During the story, there was not a time when he apologized or offered a word of encouragement to them. His tone of voice when talking to†¦show more content†¦Abner was later charged for the damages he did to the rug. â€Å"This is enough to satisfy Abner yet again that the social system only works in behalf of the rich, and he sets out that night to redress this wrong by burning DeSpain’s barn† (855). Abner’s unchanging character is evident not only in his role as being cold-hearted but also in his role as being lawless. â€Å"Barn Burning† makes an interesting case for Abner Snopes as the pitiable creation of the landed aristocracy, who seeks dignity and integrity for himself, although his only chance of achieving either would seem to lie in the democratic element of fire as the one defense available to all, regardless of social class†(855). Abners act of breaking the law begins when he was supposed to be fighting in the Civil War, but instead he stole horses from both sides of the lines. When Abner returned home, he continued his act of breaking the law by committing arson. At the beginning of the story, Abner is in a makeshift courtroom where he is being tried for burning Mr. Harris barn. There was no evidence to rule against Abner so he was advised to leave the country. â€Å"I aim to. I don’t figure to stay in a country among people who†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (217). After sly remarks of â€Å"barn burner†(218) from a group of people standing near, Abner tells his family to get in the wagon and get ready for travel. Abner and his family traveled to their next house where things got off to aShow MoreRelatedBoth sides of the Coin in William Faulkner’s short story, Barn Burning812 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story, â€Å"Barn Burning,† the character Abner Snopes, who is Sarty’s father as well as a main character of the story, stands out the most compared to other characters because of Faulkner’s description with a sense of irony and critic. Faulkner presents multifaceted characteristics in Abner Snopes that makes the readers think beyond the view of the narrator based on logics and circumstances in Abner’s conditions. The setting of ‘‘Barn Burning’’ is the post-Civil War South, theRead MoreWilliam Faulkners Barn Burning: An Indicative of Literary Modernism1989 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿There are several ways in which William Faulkners short story Barn Burning is indicative of literary modernism. It depicts a relevant historical period and is part of the frontiersman literary tradition (Gleeson-White, 2009, p. 389). The author utilizes a number of purely literary approaches that were innovative for the time period in which the tale was originally published (in 1932), such as employing a young child as a narrator complete with misspelled words and broken, puerile thoughts. HoweverRead More Analysis of The Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essays987 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Barn Burning by William Faulkner The short story â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner is about a ten year old boy, Sarty Snopes, who has grown to realize that his father, Abner Snopes, provides a life of â€Å"despair and grief† as he refuses to accept the â€Å"peace and dignity† generated by the ties with other people. In essence, Sarty is faced with the dilemma of choosing between his family (his blood) and moral conscience of what is right and wrong. Jane Hiles interprets thisRead MoreWilla Cathers Issues with Realism and The Barn Burner, Paragraphs1059 Words   |  4 Pages1. Willa Cather 2. Willa Cather and the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne 3. The Barn Burner 4. A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner 1. Willa Cather seems to take issue with the bland and boring nature of realism above all else. She notes that realism is not in itself an artistic expression, yet so many art forms from literature to paintings—particularly from her time period—portray little more than the realism of our world. In her mind, the literalness that is realism can be successfullyRead MoreSarty Snopes’ Struggle for Freedom: William Faulkners Barn Burning1777 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Barn Burning† first appeared in print in Harper’s Magazine in 1939 (Pinion). It is a short story by William Faulkner which depicts a young boy in crisis as he comes to realize the truth about his father’s pyromania. Faulkner takes the reader inside the boy’s life as he struggles to remain loyal to his unstable father. In the end the boy’s courage and sense of justice wins and he not only walks away from his father’s iron clad control over his life, but he is able to warn his father’s next victimRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s Barn Burning Essay2004 Words   |  9 Pagesdevotion in families of today, are lost and bravery shows no character in a person. It is a personality that each individual has in them only to be used in the most courteous way and should not be used selfishly. Loyalty cannot be purchased and must be earned. If it used in the wrong way, it can climax to a disaster. The short story writer William Faulkner emanates moral values in a young character in â€Å"Barn Burning,† Sartoris â€Å"Sarty† Snopes. As a ten year old boy, forced to choose between his kin bloodRead MoreOedipus in Sophocles Oedipus Rex and Young Colonel Sartoris Snopes in William Faulkners Barn Burning: A Comparative Analysis of Characters1034 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿When attempting to compare the characters and the lots of Oedipus in Oedipus Rex and Young Colonel Sartoris Snopes in William Faulkners Barn Burning, there are a number of immediate and salient points of similarity for one to consider. One of the principle points of similarities between these two is related to their personalities both male characters are prone to fits of action which they can only fully understand (if at all) in hindsight. Another is the fact that the quandaries they find themselvesRead Moreevery day use3221 Words   |  13 PagesThe paper s title Your name Page number Character analysis of the story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker 1) Pay attention to the character’s ethics. Does the character make just or unjust choices? Consider Atticus Finch in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. Atticus does not make morally correct choices only when it is convenient for him to do so. Rather, he shows he’s a truly just character by sticking to his principles even when his life is at stake. 2) Decide

Character’s Exploration in The Apprenticeship of Duddy...

Character’s Exploration in The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz and King Lear The right way is not always the popular and easy way. Standing for right when it is unpopular is a true test of moral character. These lines from â€Å"Margaret Chase Smith† force us to think about what the actual test for morality is. Morality cannot be solely judged based on the deeds a person has committed, but when the person shows enough courage to stand against the mob and support the right. Both Richler and Shakespeare have stressed upon the character’s development throughout their storyline apparent in their works which helps readers create a strong bond with them until the end, although both Duddy Kravitz and King Lear fail to be moral. In King Lear and†¦show more content†¦iv.266-268) Likewise to Duddy, Lear is abusive towards his loved ones, more likely in verbal way. These words of Lear show that Lear could go to any extent if his needs are not satisfied or if his da ughters do not behave in a certain kind of way as they are supposed to. Although both Duddy and Lear’s main motive was the same, still they differ in behavior and has a different impact on others. Duddy is working towards the acquiring the land and starting his apprenticeship. Throughout the course of the novel Duddy has been seeing manipulating other, whether it was Yvette, Virgil, Mr. Cohen or others. Duddy can go to any extent to achieve his dream and continues making mistakes and never learns from it. Duddy uses Virgil and breaks his trust multiple number of times. Firstly, Duddy takes advantage of Virgil’s disabilities. Using the fact that Virgil is an epileptic and that it is very difficult for him to be hired, Duddy employs him as a driver and gets all his work done. Virgil thus, has an accident and becomes paralyzed for the rest of his life. Duddy never goes to even meet him, which shows how amoral he is. Not only this, but also Duddy forges Virgils cheque in o rder to buy the final parcel of land. In order to do this, Duddy took a quick look at Virgils bank balance, whistled, noted his account number and ripped out two cheques. He forged the signature by holding the cheque and a letter Virgil had signed up to the window and tracing slowly. (Richler 304)

Lionel Messi Free Essays

Alex Bello Writing 2 Mrs. Chavez 1/17/13 Soccer I decided to write about soccer because it is something I love and have passion for. I have been playing soccer all my life since I started walking and haven’t stopped playing. We will write a custom essay sample on Lionel Messi or any similar topic only for you Order Now I play soccer here at MCC and I was the leading scorer and I was selected for the 2nd team all-region as a freshmen. I was the only freshmen on the team to get this award. It is a privilege for me to have soccer in my life. I am so thankful that I am able to do something I love. I have an idol. A mentor and someone I look up to in soccer. His name is Lionel Messi. He is known as the best player in the world today, and some people say that he is the best ever. To my opinion, he is the best ever. He has done things in soccer that no one has ever done in the history of the sport. He scored 92 goals in one calendar year. The previous record was 86 goals in the 1980’s. That is an unbelievable record. Messi is only 5’6 but he is very strong for a short guy. He was in born in Rosario, Argentina. He moved to Spain when he was only 7 years old and he has Spanish citizenship. When he became a pro, he decided to come play for his native country. Another part of soccer that really motivates me to play better, is watching the team FC Barcelona play. They are known as the best team In the world today. They are smooth and have a great touch with the ball. No other team in the world keeps up with their fast pace. Messi also plays for this team. This is where he set the record. In 2010, Barcelona set the record for winning every tournament of that year. I love to watch this team play. I learn a lot from them. Lionel Messi has played in 2 world cups, and by record, he doesn’t usually perform at his best. People say he is more lazy when he is playing for his country. Messi says that he always gives his 100% when he is out in the pitch. He also said that he is more nervous, but he promised that in the world cup of 2014 he will perform at a successful level. I am very excited to watch the 2014 world. It will be held in Brazil. It should be a very exciting event, also because it is the biggest sports tournament of the world. How to cite Lionel Messi, Papers

Current Capabilities & Marketing Objectives-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What legislations and regulations do you need to consider in a Marketing Plan? List 3 and explain. 2.How will you adjust your Marketing Plan in response to Stakeholders feedback? 3.What strategy will you use if gap exists between Current Capabilities and Marketing Objectives? Answers: 1.Various legislation and regulation should be considered in a marketing plan as follows; on the first is the warranties and the guarantees. The marketing professionals should pay a close attention when it comes to consumer guarantees that are covered in the Australian consumer law. These regulation are related to the marketing since they are described in the marketing to the customers before they can make a purchase. A specific when it comes to the law of Australia is that the vendors guarantee policy does not override on the guarantee protections which are provided by the Australian consumer law. Another legislation is that of privacy. Individuals are provided with privacy of the information protection under the law in the Australian Federal Government. The organization need to ask for the permission to collect as well as use their information, as well as obligation to disclose on the information that is to be kept private. Another legislation that needs to be considered is the adv ertising standards. In Australia it is the advertising standards Bureau which administers on the advertising self-regulation. On this regulation recognizes that the advertisers share the common interest when it comes to promoting of the consumer confidence and the respect for the general standards of the advertising. There is a free public service of the complaint resolution 2.When it comes adjusting on the marketing plan from the response given by the stakeholders it is important to implement a few things as follows; one is to establish a clear objectives. It is important to communicate the marketing goals in the context of the broader corporate business. I would establish some short and long term objectives including the metrics in order to evaluate the progress towards these objectives and incorporate on the feedback provided if they are within these objectives. The next way on how to adjust on the marketing plan would be to look at the piece of the feedback and be able to pinpoint what is falling short of the goals in the marketing plan. If the feedback is aligned towards the objectives formulated it would be necessary to draft a control and monitoring plan that is aligned with the initial plan. This would help control as well as monitor on the changes that have been made. 3.The strategy to use would be the competitive strategy. The competitive strategy is defined for a given business on which it would compete. It would hinge on the capabilities of the company, their strength as well as the weakness in relation to the characteristics of the market and the corresponding capabilities of the competitors. The competitive strategy aims at creating a defensive position when in the industry and it will enable the organization to generate a superior return of investment. Further, the strategy will play a role when the industry is competitive and the consumers are provided with the needs they want. In the process of creating of the marketing strategy to consider on my factors. This strategy will address on unique considerations, and it is not reasonable to identify on the significant factor at the generic level

6 Simple Strategies to Overcome Writers Block

As a writer, you know how hard it can be sometimes to create content from scratch. And when you have a deadline looming and the words still aren’t coming to you, it can be incredibly frustrating. But it’s important to never get discouraged. Every writer struggles from time to time. So, we’ve put together a few ways to help you get the words flowing again. The Main Causes of Writer’s Block Before we talk about solutions, let’s look at the common causes of writer’s block: Timing: your ideas need developing. Self-doubt: you are afraid what others will think of your work or that you lack the knowledge and ability. Perfectionism: you want every sentence to be perfect before you write anything else. Fatigue: you’re mind is exhausted. Distractions: you haven’t prepared the right environment for writing. Ways to Beat Writer’s Block 1. Do Something Else (For a Little Bit) If you’re totally stuck, step away from your work to recharge your batteries. Listen to some music, watch a movie or talk with a friend – anything that gives you pleasure can make you feel refreshed and inspired. Just keep it limited so it doesn’t turn into full-blown procrastination! Moving your body is an especially great way to clear your mind and keep it sharp. Do some yoga, dance, exercise or go for a run. The exercise will release your body’s natural endorphins, lift your mood and get your thoughts flowing again. 2. Eliminate Distractions To write effectively, you need to keep your mind focused. Minimizing distractions will help. Turn off your phone, take a break from email, keep your workspace tidy and set aside a period of time each day to write. Ask friends and colleagues not to interrupt you during these writing periods (this is crucial). 3. Stick to a Routine If you establish a regular time of the day to write, you’ll train your mind to get into the writing mode. Find out when you’re most creative. For many, this means first thing in the morning, but do what works best for you. 4. Free Write Set a timer for five minutes and write whatever comes to mind. Don’t think about punctuation or grammar, or even making sense – just write down every random thought as quickly as possible. The idea is to train your brain to think more creatively. It will help you overcome any emotional block you might feel and, when the time is up, your words should flow more easily. 5. Don’t Strive for Perfection Don’t waste time trying to produce the perfect first draft because it doesn’t exist. Just start filling your page with words. Once you take the pressure off yourself, your creation process will become easier. You can rewrite, edit and refine later. 6. Sleep On It When you’re tired, everything is more difficult. Sleep is important for your memory and creativity and many seem to forget that your mind needs rest! Keep a notebook by your bed; dreams can be full of ideas. Content Creation Ideas Speaking of ideas, if you’re ever stuck trying to figure out topics or angles, try these: Read: Whether it’s a blog, a news story, a short story or a novel, simply reading something else can quickly put you back in the writer mindset. Even reading inspirational quotes can get the writing juices flowing. Review: Look back at your past content and check your analytics to see which content pieces had more audience engagement. Can you rewrite posts or approach a topic from a new angle? Research: Search QA sites like Quora and Yahoo Answers to see what people want to know and what they want to read. Just a Bump in the Road To consistently create quality content, it’s important to have a few techniques you can use to overcome the occasional writer’s block. Some strategies will work better than others and the trick is to find the techniques that work best for you. Once you you do, you’ll find writer’s block is just a minor bump in the road.

Contemporary approaches to leadership theory Essay Example

Contemporary approaches to leadership theory Essay Example Contemporary approaches to leadership theory Paper Contemporary approaches to leadership theory Paper Trait theory based on the qualities of the leaders where it means that ‘leaders are born, not made. ’ Leaders consist of different qualities where for an effective leader some qualities like judgment, drive, fairness, energy, initiative, human relation skill and foresight. This theory is discredited more or less. Behavioral theories The styles of leadership are the collections of leadership behavior that are used in different conditions in different ways. Among many classifications of styles, leadership styles are extent to the focus to the leaders whether this is task/performance based or relationship/people based. Two models describes the key terms: Asridge model: Tells: Here all the decisions are made and issues are instructed by the leader that must be followed. Sells: though still all the decisions are made by the leader but subordinates are motivated here to accept those rather than being emphasized. Consults: here ideas are conferred by the leaders with subordinates by taking their view though the final saying is retained by the leaders. Joins: leaders and subordinates both take part in decision making based on the consensus. Blake and Mounton’s managerial grid: Two basic dimensions of leadership have been observed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton through their research one of which is concern for production and the other is concern for people. Mangers could be located from very low to very high concern at any point on a continuum along any of these two dimensions. Various permutations are observed in these two concerns that are not correlated. These permutations are modeled as a grid by Blake and Mouton. Concerns for people are represented by one axis and concern for production is represented by another. Nine points from 1(low) to 9 (high) are allotted to each axis. 1. Transformational theories are based on the reaction of a leader in any transactional situation in contrast with the transformational situation. Where transactional theory is based on the rewards and punishment system, transformational leadership focuses on the other hand to a bigger picture heading to the achievement of a common goal. Again the types of leadership style are also focused by the transformational theory. MS Leadership case: MS is the leading UK retail giant especially in the clothing sector. The company was founded in 1884 in Leeds by Michael Marks and Thomas Spenser in Leeds. Now the company has 700 outlets United Kingdom and another 300 stores are flagged in 40 countries throughout the world. Company’s headquarter is based in London. Different attributes of MS leaders are as follows: Greenbury acted like a task manager (9,1) in respect to some aspects like unilateral, push people for only profit, eavesdropping and good reward in finance based on the team morale. The action of Bostock and Rose were like a team manager (9,9). They insisted on the unity of the team, motivation and confidence of people for the effective results. They used both directive/task focused and supportive/ people-focused attitude. Again, Greenbury and Salesbury are considered as autocratic where Rose played a role of a consultive leader. Bostock was democratic in his leadership approach. The history of MS is based on the autocracy culture. Though Greenbury tried to alter it to the consults/join approach by encouraging of board meeting and involving people but due to the strong base of autocratic style, he stepped behind. Rose followed tells style especially during solving problems. Both of them used sells and consult approach in some contexts. Determine leadership approaches relevant for the 21st century, drawing on theories and tools as practiced by leading international organizations. In the 21st century, a new leadership approach has emerged based on the bottom-up transformation that is inspired by building community and also by shared power. Three themes are implicated in this framework: Shared leadership: According to this leadership, everybody has the qualities of leadership inside and can pool and drawn upon this during necessity specially while working in a group on any vital common issue. Leadership as relationship This theme is based on the idea of relationship network and on the concepts of partnership, empowerment and service. Leadership in community This leadership assumes the community as the conceptual setting where the relationship of leadership occurs. According to Farkas and De Becker, leaders can lead in five ways: Strategic Approach The top strategist is the Chief Executive of any company who envisions the future systematically and map out specifically the way to get there. Human Asset Approach Success is managed by the Chief Executive with the help of policies of people, principles and programs. Expertise Approach A particular propriety expertise is championed by the Chief Executive what is then utilized for focusing the organization. Box Approach A set of rules, procedures, systems and values are developed by the Chief Executive in order to control behavior and results within the well defined constrains. Change Approach The Chief Executive behaves as a radical change agent with the transformation of bureaucracies within the organization embracing the new and different approach. With the entrance of 21st century, the predictions of the concept of leadership development are seemed as follows: 1. Leadership is for all – every individual in the present organization is a team member and a manager as well. For this reason, leadership is needed to be learnt and exhibited by everyone. 2. Learning is involved in leadership – leaders always discover new knowledge and know the way of sharing it with others. With the spread of learning culture, leadership can be shown more than ever before. 3. Leadership is based on team – Though every organization maintains the hierarchy and it will be exist, but the best organizations always empower their members to become a leader. 4. Leadership is not authoritarian – in this 21st century, the authority of an individual is counted by his/her saying but not with his/her status. Here, leaders communicate with people but to people. New way of leadership is the outcome of new way of communication. 5. Followership is included in Leadership– leadership responsibility may be more or less person to person but every individual will learn from others. The experience of becoming a contributor will be possessed by everybody. Explore and examine your own personal and managerial effectiveness within an organisation through a process of personal reflection. Leadership Development Through Experience 1. The people I personally work with I am stimulated to the development by the people I always work with. They play a vital role both in my personal and professional life. According to Kouzes and Posner, ‘‘other people have always been important guidance sources. Our parents always provide us with advice and supports, our curiosity for any favourite subject was developed by any particular teacher, we tinkered in the garage with the help of our neighbour, we were motivated and promised to give our best to our coaches, we were given important feedback by our counsellor on our attribute and its affect, the master of art instructs us in the basic of craft, our first boss taught us to skip the ropes and hoops to jump. ’ I am learning about the leadership whether it is effective or not by being attentive to my surrounding models who may be my immediate boss. I am taught what to do or not to do with help of watching the leadership roles of others. Again, through the close alliance with any experienced individual who is referred as mentor and by taking me under his/her wing, valuable perspectives and insights can be achieved by me. Executive coaching is extensively becoming a common responsibility of all the executives to the managers who report them and it is also relevant to monitoring. Again it is regarded as an investment to change counterproductive attribute, always interpersonal which is the threat of derailing a valued manger. Development of Leadership Through Task 1. The task itself The task of development is always vague and more complex. The development of leadership can be increased with changing of work environment. New and creative solutions may be needed for the nature of task. The strategic planning project can be intellectually challenging and can contribute to the development of the leaders. Those development opportunities are the best where individuals are stretched and allowed to test themselves against any new and hard task. Some factors impacts on any task whether it is developmentally challenging or not or high level of pressure is generated. These factors include deadlines, requirements of travel, more hours and an unpredictable task where both there is a possibility of both success and failure. All the employees may not be provided with the same development opportunities by the organization what is the aspect of the task of leadership development. There is an outstanding difference between large and small organizations in particular in what opportunities they offer. Leadership Development Through Education 1. Courses of University in leadership The training program of leadership is now a day included in many universities particularly in the extracurricular activities. Personality traits, behaviours of leadership, motivation, values and different leadership theories are included in those courses for describing the process of leadership. Method of standard lecture is used in several courses. Again students are provided with individualised feedback in some courses in the form of intelligence, values, personality and ratings of leadership behaviour. Several situations of leadership are described in the case studies that are used as the conveyer of the leadership discussions. Another method is role playing where participants are assigned to play a role in a job related scenario. Trainees are thus helped to practice relevant skills. 1. Training programmes of leadership The contents of such programs are more focused and the programs are normally very short. They include lectures, case studies and role playing exercise for the improvement of leadership. Four different teaching methods provide effective training. These include personal growth, building of skill, feedback and conceptual awareness. Develop an in-depth understanding of the principles of change and the organisational change process. Change management is termed as a structured way for the transition of individuals, teams and organizations from the present to expected desired future state. There are 10 principles of change management according to John Jones, DeAnne Aguirre and Mathew Calderone : Systematically addressing the human side: 1. The approach of change management should be fully integrated into the design of program and making decision that leads to make strategic decision. Any people issues should be dealt step by step for putting speed, morale and outcome at any risk. Start at the top 1. Change should be embraced first by the top leader of any organization like CEO for taking challenge and for motivating others. They should be model to the expected behaviors and should speak in one voice. Involving each layer 1. Leaders should be identified and trained in each layer of change efforts and they must be aligned to the vision of the company. they also should be equipped for executing particular mission and should be motivated for making change happened. Making the formal case 1. As the individuals are rational inherently, formal case can be articulated and written version statement can be created that will ensure the alignment between team and leadership. Creating ownership 1. Ownership can be best created with the involvement of people to identify problems and to craft solutions. It can be tangible or psychological and is is reinforced by incentives and rewards. Communicating the message 1. Change programs can be best where core messages are reinforced through regular and timely advice which is both practical and inspirational. The flow of communication moves out from the top to bottom and employees are provided with the right information at the right time that helps soliciting their input and feedback. This communications require multiple and redundant channels. Evaluating the cultural landscape 1. Leaders are accounted for culture at each organizational level through the successful change program where speed and intensity are picked up when they flow down. Cultural diagnostics helps to assess the readiness of organization to the change, bring key issues, identify conflicts and define factors of recognizing the leadership and resistance sources. Addressing culture clearly 1. The culture and underlying behaviors should be cleared by the leaders that support the new business method. Opportunities for rewarding those behaviors are also found by the leaders. A cultural change can be kicked start effectively with the understanding that all companies posses a cultural centre. Preparation for the unexpected 1. Effective change management continuously reassesses the impact of the unexpected reaction of people, willingness of organization and ability of adopting the next transformation. Momentum can be maintained with the real data from the field and solid decision making. Speaking to the people 1. People want to know about the change, the expectation towards them and their performance assessment process. Leaders need to be cleared and honest about this all. Rewards should be promoted as dramatic reinforcement to embrace change.

Operational Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Operational Risk - Essay Example (Dictionary of Accounting, 1999). Most of the prior studies on operational risk have focused on estimating operational risk in a financial institution. Frachot et al. (2001) explored the Loss Distribution Approach (LDA) for computing the capital charge of a bank for operational risk where LDA refers to statistical/actuarial methods for modelling the loss distribution. In this framework, the capital charge is calculated using a Value-at-Risk measure. Frachot et al. (2001) show how to compute the aggregate loss distribution by compounding the loss severity distribution and the loss frequency distribution, how to compute the total Capital-at-Risk using copulas, how to control the upper tail of the loss severity distribution with order statistics. Fachot et al. (2001) also compare LDA with the Internal Measurement Approach (IMA) proposed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to calculate regulatory capital for operational risk. The results show that LDA and IMA are bottom - up internal measurement models which a re apparently different. (Frachot et al., 2001). As earlier mentioned, much of the Literature has focused on operational risk in financial institutions with a particular emphasis on the Basel II accord and the quantification of operational risks. Kuritzkes (2002) notes that the Basel II Accord definition of operational risk considers only a subset of operational risks. According to Kuritzkes (2002) the term "operational risk" commonly refers to all non-financial risks whereas the Basel II Accord definition considers only a subset of non-financial risks including those resulting from failure of "internal processes, people, or systems or from external events". Mainelli (2002) suggests that operational risk has many pseudo-standard sub-taxonomies, such as people (e.g. workforce disruption, fraud), process (e.g., documentation risk, settlement failure), systems (e.g. failure, security) and external risks (e.g., suppliers, disasters, infrastructure utilities failures). However, day-to-da y operational risk management involves decisions about opening times, cleaning standards, rodent controls in dealing rooms, secure electricity supply, security controls and other management decisions not suitable to real-time spreadsheet analysis. (Mainelli, 2002). Mainelli (2002) further suggests that there is a tension between the top-down imposition of a change and the bottom-up nature of these detailed decisions. If the purpose of risk-based capital allocation is to reflect differences across banks in business mix and risk profile, then operational risk measurement will need to be supported bottom-up within individual institutions. (Kuritzkes, 2002) Figure 1: Taxonomy of Operational Risk. Source: Kuritzkes (2002) As shown in figure 1 above risks can be divided into financial and non-financial risk components. The financial risk components include market risk, credit risks and ALM insurance and other risks whereas the nonfinancial risk component includes internal event risk, external event risk and business risk. As the figure indicates, the Basel II Accord only considers a subset (internal event risk and external event risk) as the nonfinancial risk. It fails to take into consideration a very important aspect of the risks - business risks.